I think you need something like this:
func layer_index_from_name(target_name):
for i in range(0, 19, 1):
var layer_name = ProjectSettings.get_setting("layer_names/3d_physics/layer_" + str(i+1))
if layer_name == target_name:
return int(pow(2,i))
return null
func _ready():
var look_for = "test"
var res = layer_index_from_name(look_for)
if res:
print(res)
else:
print("Not found")