If you are inside the same file:
x = 1 #Will not go through the setter
self.x = 2 #Will go through the setter
_set_x(3) #Will go through the setter
If you are not inside the same file:
$theNode.x = 4 #Will go through the setter
$theNode._set_x(5) #Will go through the setter
In your function above:
func some_func(x, y, z):
_set_x(x) #This will go through the setter
#...