I couldn't find any built-in function for it, so you'll have to calculate it by making a Rect2 out of the camera's position and the viewport's size:
extends Camera2D
func get_camera_rect() -> Rect2:
var pos = get_camera_position() # Camera's center
var half_size = get_viewport_rect().size * 0.5
return Rect2(pos - half_size, pos + half_size)
func _ready() -> void:
print(get_camera_position()) # (403, 147)
print(get_viewport_rect().size) # (1024, 600)
print(get_camera_rect()) # (-109, -153, 915, 447)